# who was the first to use the word "energy"?

p See more. The word electricity derives from New Latin and ultimately Greek. {\displaystyle E_{p}} The law is called conservation of energy; it states that there is a certain quantity, which we call energy that does not change in manifold changes which nature undergoes. Noether's theorem (1918) states that any differentiable symmetry of the action of a physical system has a corresponding conservation law. It showed that the gravitational potential energy lost by the weight in descending was equal to the internal energy gained by the water through friction with the paddle. This slow lifting represents a kind of gravitational potential energy storage of the thermal energy, which may be later released to active kinetic energy in landslides, after a triggering event. [5] In 1881, William Thomson stated before an audience that:[6]. In processes where heat is generated, quantum states of lower energy, present as possible excitations in fields between atoms, act as a reservoir for part of the energy, from which it cannot be recovered, in order to be converted with 100% efficiency into other forms of energy. v Energy transfer can be considered for the special case of systems which are closed to transfers of matter. E On any time scales, the uncertainty in the energy is by. It would appear that living organisms are remarkably inefficient (in the physical sense) in their use of the energy they receive (chemical or radiant energy), and it is true that most real machines manage higher efficiencies. The energy of a mechanical harmonic oscillator (a mass on a spring) is alternatively kinetic and potential energy. This principle is known as the conservation of energy or the first law of thermodynamics.For example, when a box slides down a hill, the potential energy that the box has from being located high up on the slope is converted to kinetic energy, energy of motion. The total energy of a system is sometimes called the Hamiltonian, after William Rowan Hamilton. This has been referred to as the inevitable thermodynamic heat death of the universe. {\displaystyle 9\times 10^{16}} {\displaystyle E} However energy is also expressed in many other units not part of the SI, such as ergs, calories, British Thermal Units, kilowatt-hours and kilocalories, which require a conversion factor when expressed in SI units. Richard Feynman said during a 1961 lecture:[14]. The uncertainty principle should not be confused with energy conservation - rather it provides mathematical limits to which energy can in principle be defined and measured. In quantum mechanics energy is expressed using the Hamiltonian operator. where Apr 2, 2015 - #English #polymath Thomas Young (1773-1829) was the first to use the word '#energy' in its current sense, replacing the #traditional term vis viva, #meaning 'living force' #Socket #Store #switch #energy #power #light #electric #history #definition #science #discovery #LED #bulb #fact www.socketstore.co.uk Our basic energy needs have not changed—heat, light, manufacturing, and transportation—but we now have many ways to fulfill these needs and those of modern society such as telecommunications. E The portion of the energy which is transferred by conservative forces over a distance is measured as the work the source system does on the receiving system. For example, conversion of energy from one type of potential field to another, is reversible, as in the pendulum system described above. ν For homogeneous systems, with a well-defined temperature and pressure, a commonly used corollary of the first law is that, for a system subject only to pressure forces and heat transfer (e.g., a cylinder-full of gas) without chemical changes, the differential change in the internal energy of the system (with a gain in energy signified by a positive quantity) is given as. The first ionization energy of nitrogen is 1402 kJ/mol while the first ionization energy of oxygen (the element directly to the right of nitrogen) is 1314 kJ/mol. c 2 By ultimate knowledge of sound, man can not only create, but he can also destroy. This law is a fundamental principle of physics. Virtual photons are also responsible for electrostatic interaction between electric charges (which results in Coulomb law), for spontaneous radiative decay of exited atomic and nuclear states, for the Casimir force, for van der Waals bond forces and some other observable phenomena. {\displaystyle E=h\nu } We've arranged the synonyms in length order so that they are easier to find. Their calculations, when combined with data from other methods, significantly increase the accuracy of dark energy measurements. This is referred to as conservation of energy. How to use energy in a sentence. To run, cycle, climb and move the mouse for a computer we use kinetic energy. This goes against the general trend of first ionization energy increasing from left to right across the periodic table. It also led to a mathematical formulation of the concept of entropy by Clausius, and to the introduction of laws of radiant energy by Jožef Stefan. [4], Gustave-Gaspard Coriolis described "kinetic energy" in 1829 in its modern sense, and in 1853, William Rankine coined the term "potential energy. (1881). Broader meaning of "power" in English is first recorded 1660s. World energy consumption has implications for the socio-economic-political sphere. At its highest points the kinetic energy is zero and the gravitational potential energy is at maximum. The Schrödinger equation equates the energy operator to the full energy of a particle or a system. When you hear the word energy casually used to explain a mystical force or capability, require clarification. During a 1961 lecture[7] for undergraduate students at the California Institute of Technology, Richard Feynman, a celebrated physics teacher and Nobel Laureate, said this about the concept of energy: There is a fact, or if you wish, a law, governing natural phenomena that are known to date. Energy and mass are manifestations of one and the same underlying physical property of a system. Primarily a word used in the UK, cakeism is the belief that it is possible to enjoy or take advantage of both of two desirable but mutually exclusive alternatives at once. If you have a lot of energy, it means you like to be active. [citation needed] That is, energy is conserved because the laws of physics do not distinguish between different moments of time (see Noether's theorem). {\displaystyle \nu } Synonyms, crossword answers and other related words for ENERGY We hope that the following list of synonyms for the word energy will help you to finish your crossword today.  ) to kinetic energy ( Lifting against gravity performs mechanical work on the object and stores gravitational potential energy in the object.   (where Such a fusion process is triggered by heat and pressure generated from gravitational collapse of hydrogen clouds when they produce stars, and some of the fusion energy is then transformed into sunlight. + For example, after heating an object, its increase in energy could be measured as a small increase in mass, with a sensitive enough scale. In 1807, Thomas Young was possibly the first to use the term "energy" instead of vis viva, in its modern sense. E Items that transform between these forms are called transducers. The direction of transformations in energy (what kind of energy is transformed to what other kind) is often determined by entropy (equal energy spread among all available degrees of freedom) considerations. It was invented in the context of classical mechanics, but is generally useful in modern physics. {\displaystyle c^{2}} 2   is Planck's constant and History. Examples of transducers include a battery, from chemical energy to electric energy; a dam: gravitational potential energy to kinetic energy of moving water (and the blades of a turbine) and ultimately to electric energy through an electric generator; or a heat engine, from heat to work. [13] The total energy of a system can be calculated by adding up all forms of energy in the system.   is the work applied to the system. In human terms, the human equivalent (H-e) (Human energy conversion) indicates, for a given amount of energy expenditure, the relative quantity of energy needed for human metabolism, assuming an average human energy expenditure of 12,500 kJ per day and a basal metabolic rate of 80 watts. Energy may be transformed between different forms at various efficiencies. How We Use Energy. This simplified equation is the one used to define the joule, for example. If one (unrealistically) assumes that there is no friction or other losses, the conversion of energy between these processes would be perfect, and the pendulum would continue swinging forever. The rest of the chemical energy in O2[8] and the carbohydrate or fat is converted into heat: the ATP is used as a sort of "energy currency", and some of the chemical energy it contains is used for other metabolism when ATP reacts with OH groups and eventually splits into ADP and phosphate (at each stage of a metabolic pathway, some chemical energy is converted into heat). In different theoretical frameworks, similar formulas were derived by J.J. Thomson (1881), Henri Poincaré (1900), Friedrich Hasenöhrl (1904) and others (see Mass-energy equivalence#History for further information). World energy consumption is the total energy produced and used by humans. Examples include the transmission of electromagnetic energy via photons, physical collisions which transfer kinetic energy,[note 5] and the conductive transfer of thermal energy. {\displaystyle h} It is also equivalent to mass, and this mass is always associated with it. t For non-equilibrium systems, the laws governing system's behavior are still debatable.   (mass times acceleration due to gravity times the height) and The nuclear fusion of hydrogen in the Sun also releases another store of potential energy which was created at the time of the Big Bang. Let’s look first at Figure 2. Bioenergy is renewable energy made available from materials derived from biological sources. In growing organisms the energy that is converted to heat serves a vital purpose, as it allows the organism tissue to be highly ordered with regard to the molecules it is built from. {\displaystyle W} t in the 4th century BCE works of Aristotle (OUP V, 240, 1991) (including Physics, Metaphysics, Nicomachean Ethics[1]and De Anima[2]). To account for slowing due to friction, Leibniz claimed that heat consisted of the random motion of the constituent parts of matter — a view described by Bacon in Novum Organon to illustrate Inductive reasoning and shared by Isaac Newton, although it would be more than a century until this was generally accepted. Time Traveler for activation energy. Its contemporary meaning has diverged significantly from Aristotle's original meaning. δ All stellar phenomena (including solar activity) are driven by various kinds of energy transformations. ), or from nuclear fusion (of lighter elements, primarily hydrogen). Some energy is transferred between the surroundings and the reactants of the reaction in the form of heat or light; thus the products of a reaction may have more or less energy than the reactants. [note 4] Energy can be transferred between systems in a variety of ways. Only a tiny fraction of the original chemical energy is used for work:[note 2]. [citation needed]. For the history of how humans use energy, see, Thomson, William. 1 Depending on context, the word may refer to "electric charge", "electric power" or "electric energy". Energy can be neither created nor destroyed but only changed from one form to another. Conservation of energy, principle of physics according to which the energy of interacting bodies or particles in a closed system remains constant. Familiar examples of such processes include nuclear decay, in which energy is released that was originally "stored" in heavy isotopes (such as uranium and thorium), by nucleosynthesis, a process ultimately using the gravitational potential energy released from the gravitational collapse of supernovae, to store energy in the creation of these heavy elements before they were incorporated into the solar system and the Earth. "Oxygen Is the High-Energy Molecule Powering Complex Multicellular Life: Fundamental Corrections to Traditional Bioenergetics”. The related term “work” was defined in 1828/29 by In this closed system, energy cannot be created or destroyed; therefore, the initial energy and the final energy will be equal to each other. [19][20] It states that nonequilibrium systems behave in such a way to maximize its entropy production. [3] In the 1807 publication of those lectures, he wrote, The product of the mass of a body into the square of its velocity may properly be termed its energy. l Q Each of the basic forces of nature is associated with a different type of potential energy, and all types of potential energy (like all other types of energy) appears as system mass, whenever present. For example, macroscopic mechanical energy is the sum of translational and rotational kinetic and potential energy in a system neglects the kinetic energy due to temperature, and nuclear energy which combines potentials from the nuclear force and the weak force), among others. . Typically measured per year, it involves all energy harnessed from every energy source applied towards activity across all industrial and technological sectors, in every country. Sunlight's radiant energy is also captured by plants as chemical potential energy in photosynthesis, when carbon dioxide and water (two low-energy compounds) are converted into carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins and high-energy compounds like oxygen [5] and ATP. It does not include energy from food. In this system the matter and antimatter (electrons and positrons) are destroyed and changed to non-matter (the photons). h o {\displaystyle W} In classical physics, energy is a scalar quantity, the canonical conjugate to time. The daily 1500–2000 Calories (6–8 MJ) recommended for a human adult are taken as a combination of oxygen and food molecules, the latter mostly carbohydrates and fats, of which glucose (C6H12O6) and stearin (C57H110O6) are convenient examples. This thermal energy drives plate tectonics and may lift mountains, via orogenesis. At two points in the oscillation cycle it is entirely kinetic, and at two points it is entirely potential. Rankine, coined the term "potential energy".  , is sometimes ignored, especially when the thermal efficiency of the transfer is high. Aristotle's sense of the word is often translated as \"activity\" or \"being at work\". In the International System of Units (SI), the unit of energy is the joule, named after Joule. For tasks lasting a few minutes, a fit human can generate perhaps 1,000 watts. The general meaning of energy is the ability to be active. Any living organism relies on an external source of energy – radiant energy from the Sun in the case of green plants, chemical energy in some form in the case of animals – to be able to grow and reproduce. That is a most abstract idea, because it is a mathematical principle; it says that there is a numerical quantity which does not change when something happens. In this case, the energy must partly stay as heat, and cannot be completely recovered as usable energy, except at the price of an increase in some other kind of heat-like increase in disorder in quantum states, in the universe (such as an expansion of matter, or a randomisation in a crystal). = Prior to this, they represent release of energy that has been stored in heavy atoms since the collapse of long-destroyed supernova stars created these atoms. How to use power in a sentence. The SI unit of energy is the joule, which is the energy transferred to an object by the work of moving it a distance of 1 metre against a force of 1 newton. The law of conservation of energy was also first postulated in the early 19th century, and applies to any isolated system. There is no known exception to this law—it is exact so far we know. However, since Radiant - Radiant energy means light. An example of a solar-mediated weather event is a hurricane, which occurs when large unstable areas of warm ocean, heated over months, give up some of their thermal energy suddenly to power a few days of violent air movement. Work and thus energy is frame dependent. Put differently, yesterday, today, and tomorrow are physically indistinguishable. {\displaystyle E_{k}={\frac {1}{2}}mv^{2}} It is equal to the energy expended (or work done) in applying a force of one newton through a distance of one metre. Gustave-Gaspard Coriolis described "kinetic energy" in 1829 in its modern sense, and in 1853, William Rankine coined the term "potential energy". [5] William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) amalgamated all of these laws into the laws of thermodynamics, which aided in the rapid development of explanations of chemical processes using the concept of energy by Rudolf Clausius, Josiah Willard Gibbs and Walther Nernst. As the universe evolves in time, more and more of its energy becomes trapped in irreversible states (i.e., as heat or other kinds of increases in disorder). The speed of a chemical reaction (at given temperature T) is related to the activation energy E by the Boltzmann's population factor e−E/kT – that is the probability of molecule to have energy greater than or equal to E at the given temperature T. This exponential dependence of a reaction rate on temperature is known as the Arrhenius equation. Most kinds of energy (with gravitational energy being a notable exception)[15] are subject to strict local conservation laws as well. where the first term on the right is the heat transferred into the system, expressed in terms of temperature T and entropy S (in which entropy increases and the change dS is positive when the system is heated), and the last term on the right hand side is identified as work done on the system, where pressure is P and volume V (the negative sign results since compression of the system requires work to be done on it and so the volume change, dV, is negative when work is done on the system). This article is about the history of the scientific concept of energy. Energy is also transferred from potential energy ( Time Traveler for potential energy. (en+ergon). Aristotle of Stagira(384–322 BCE) Greece: first use of the word \"energeia\" (ἐνέργειά) in the Nicomachean Ethics. Energy crisis first attested 1970. Biomass is any organic material which has absorbed sunlight and stored it in the form of chemical energy.As a fuel it may include wood, wood waste, straw, and other crop residues, manure, sugarcane, and many other by-products from a variety of agricultural processes. In the context of chemistry, energy is an attribute of a substance as a consequence of its atomic, molecular or aggregate structure. This creates a limit to the amount of heat energy that can do work in a cyclic process, a limit called the available energy. energy example sentences. Types of energy. This principle is vitally important to understanding the behaviour of a quantity closely related to energy, called entropy. Release of the energy stored during photosynthesis as heat or light may be triggered suddenly by a spark, in a forest fire, or it may be made available more slowly for animal or human metabolism, when organic molecules are ingested, and catabolism is triggered by enzyme action. Our Sun transforms nuclear potential energy to other forms of energy; its total mass does not decrease due to that in itself (since it still contains the same total energy even if in different forms), but its mass does decrease when the energy escapes out to its surroundings, largely as radiant energy. Common forms of energy include the kinetic energy of a moving object, the potential energy stored by an object's position in a force field (gravitational, electric or magnetic), the elastic energy stored by stretching solid objects, the chemical energy released when a fuel burns, the radiant energy carried by light, and the thermal energy due to an object's temperature. Many people are discovering that if they use the energy of sound properly, they can create positive change in every area of life. Example sentences with the word energy. Prior to 1900, energy per capita did not rise very much with the addition of coal energy, suggesting that the early use of coal mostly offset other fuel uses, or permitted larger families. Kinetic energy is determined by the movement of an object – or the composite motion of the components of an object – and potential energy reflects the potential of an object to have motion, and generally is a function of the position of an object within a field or may be stored in the field itself. Time Traveler for energy. In special relativity energy is also a scalar (although not a Lorentz scalar but a time component of the energy–momentum 4-vector). Energy gives rise to weight when it is trapped in a system with zero momentum, where it can be weighed. These developments led to the theory of conservation of energy, formalized largely by William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) as the field of thermodynamics. First let’s take a look at the different forms energy can take and how they can be converted. In a slower process, radioactive decay of atoms in the core of the Earth releases heat. Wind power, form of energy conversion in which turbines convert the kinetic energy of wind into mechanical or electrical energy that can be used for power.Wind power is considered a renewable energy source. A generalisation of the seminal formulations on constants of motion in Lagrangian and Hamiltonian mechanics (1788 and 1833, respectively), it does not apply to systems that cannot be modeled with a Lagrangian; for example, dissipative systems with continuous symmetries need not have a corresponding conservation law. {\displaystyle E_{k}} The first known use of activation energy was in 1924. In this heat death the energy of the universe does not change, but the fraction of energy which is available to do work through a heat engine, or be transformed to other usable forms of energy (through the use of generators attached to heat engines), grows less and less. Used by Aristotle with a sense of "actuality, reality, existence" (opposed to "potential") but this was misunderstood in Late Latin and afterward as "force of expression," as the power which calls up realistic mental pictures. When spiritualists discuss energy, don't blindly accept what they're saying simply because energy is a word you're familiar with, and that sounds scientific.    represents the work done on the system, and In general relativity, the stress–energy tensor serves as the source term for the gravitational field, in rough analogy to the way mass serves as the source term in the non-relativistic Newtonian approximation.[11]. Power definition is - ability to act or produce an effect. Yes, even the words of others can easily affect our personal vibration. {\displaystyle E_{p}+E_{k}=E_{total}} The word energy derives from Greek ἐνέργεια (energeia), which appears for the first time in the 4th century BCE works of Aristotle (OUP V, 240, 1991) (including Physics, Metaphysics, Nicomachean Ethics and De Anima ). W The CGS energy unit is the erg and the imperial and US customary unit is the foot pound. In physics, energy is the quantitative property that must be transferred to an object in order to perform work on, or to heat, the object. Nuclear power is the use of nuclear reactions that release nuclear energy to generate heat, which most frequently is then used in steam turbines to produce electricity in a nuclear power plant.Nuclear power can be obtained from nuclear fission, nuclear decay and nuclear fusion reactions. Energeia literally means to contain work. k Due to mass–energy equivalence, any object that has mass when stationary (called rest mass) also has an equivalent amount of energy whose form is called rest energy, and any additional energy (of any form) acquired by the object above that rest energy will increase the object's total mass just as it increases its total energy. Energeia meant doing. Conservation of energy definition, the principle that in a system that does not undergo any force from outside the system, the amount of energy is constant, irrespective of its changes in form. Over the whole cycle, or over many cycles, net energy is thus equally split between kinetic and potential. For an activity that must be sustained for an hour, output drops to around 300; for an activity kept up all day, 150 watts is about the maximum. It is not a description of a mechanism, or anything concrete; it is just a strange fact that we can calculate some number, and when we finish watching nature go through her tricks and calculate the number again, it is the same. Using your own words… The photons each have no rest mass but nonetheless have radiant energy which exhibits the same inertia as did the two original particles. Thomas Young later established the wave nature of light through interference experiments. Q Energy is strictly conserved and is also locally conserved wherever it can be defined. Thermodynamics is chiefly concerned with changes in internal energy and not its absolute value, which is impossible to determine with thermodynamics alone. This mathematical result is called the second law of thermodynamics. [3] Thus, since 1918, theorists have understood that the law of conservation of energy is the direct mathematical consequence of the translational symmetry of the quantity conjugate to energy, namely time. Words are extremely powerful tools that we can use to uplift our personal energy and improve our lives, though we’re often not conscious of the words we speak, read, and expose ourselves to. This is called equipartition principle; total energy of a system with many degrees of freedom is equally split among all available degrees of freedom. k E Sunlight may be stored as gravitational potential energy after it strikes the Earth, as (for example) water evaporates from oceans and is deposited upon mountains (where, after being released at a hydroelectric dam, it can be used to drive turbines or generators to produce electricity).  energy transfer is called the law of thermodynamics is chiefly concerned with changes internal... Mapping of Terrestrial Primary Productivity and Light-Use Efficiency with a Process-Based Model likewise, whenever energy an! Corresponding conservation law, this page was last edited on 1 December 2020, at 10:30 the caloric or... 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Efficiencies of their systems ( SI ), or renewable energy kinds: processes. The CGS energy unit is the erg and the calculus of variations is at maximum and is to... Mechanical and thermal efficiencies of their systems an attribute of all biological systems from Ancient... Physical property of a quantity closely related to energy, differs from vis viva by. Frame of the original chemical energy is strictly conserved and is also equivalent to mass, and tomorrow physically... The matter and antimatter ( electrons and positrons ) are destroyed and changed to non-matter ( the photons.! Philosophical concept, broad enough to include ideas such as systems with friction ) has... Merely a physical quantity, weight, wattage etc put differently, yesterday, today, and Walther.!